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Litre
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The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of volume. There are two official symbols: the Latin letter L in lower and upper case (l and L). The lower case L is often written as a cursive ℓ to avoid confusion with the number 1 in antiqua fonts. The litre appears in several versions of the metric system; although not an SI unit, it is accepted for use with the SI.[1]; the international unit of volume is the cubic metre (m3). One litre is equal to 0.001 cubic metre and is denoted as 1 cubic decimetre (dm3).

The word "litre" is derived from an older French unit, the litron, whose name came from Greek via Latin. The original French metric system used the litre as a base unit.

The spelling of the word used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is "litre".[1] The American English spelling is "liter", which is officially endorsed by the United States.[2]
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Definition
* 2 SI prefixes applied to the litre
o 2.1 Rough conversions
* 3 Explanation
* 4 Symbol
* 5 History
* 6 Colloquial and practical usage
* 7 Use for non-liquid volumes
* 8 See also
* 9 Notes
* 10 References

[edit] Definition

A litre is defined as a special name for a cubic decimetre (1 L = 1 dm3). Hence 1 L ≡ 0.001 m3 (exactly). So 1000 L = 1 m3

[edit] SI prefixes applied to the litre

The litre may be used with any SI prefix. The most commonly used is the millilitre, defined as one-thousandth of a litre (one cubic centimetre). It is a commonly used measurement, especially in medicine and cooking. Other units may be found in the table below, the more often used terms are in bold.
Multiple Name Symbols Equivalent volume Multiple Name Symbols Equivalent volume
100 L litre l(ℓ) L dm3 cubic decimetre
101 L decalitre dal daL 10–1 L decilitre dl dL
102 L hectolitre hl hL 10–2 L centilitre cl cL
103 L kilolitre kl kL m3 cubic metre 10–3 L millilitre ml mL cm3 cubic centimetre (cc)
106 L megalitre Ml ML dam3 cubic decametre 10–6 L microlitre µl µL mm3 cubic millimetre
109 L gigalitre Gl GL hm3 cubic hectometre 10–9 L nanolitre nl nL 106 µm3 1 million cubic micrometres
1012 L teralitre Tl TL km3 cubic kilometre 10–12 L picolitre pl pL 103 µm3 1 thousand cubic micrometres
1015 L petalitre Pl PL 103 km3 1 thousand cubic kilometres 10–15 L femtolitre fl fL µm3 cubic micrometre
1018 L exalitre El EL 106 km3 1 million cubic kilometres 10–18 L attolitre al aL 106 nm3 1 million cubic nanometres
1021 L zettalitre Zl ZL Mm3 cubic megametre 10–21 L zeptolitre zl zL 103 nm3 1 thousand cubic nanometres
1024 L yottalitre Yl YL 103 Mm3 1 thousand cubic megametres 10–24 L yoctolitre yl yL nm3 cubic nanometre
Litre expressed in non-metric unit Non-metric unit expressed in litre
1 L ≈ 0.87987699 Imperial quart 1 Imperial quart ≡ 1.1365225 litre
1 L ≈ 1.056688 US fluid quart 1 US fluid quart ≡ 0.946352946 litre
1 L ≈ 1.75975326 Imperial pint 1 Imperial pint ≡ 0.56826125 litre
1 L ≈ 2.11337641 US fluid pints 1 US fluid pint ≡ 0.473176473 litre
1 L ≈ 0.2641720523 US liquid gallon 1 US liquid gallon ≡ 3.785411784 litres
1 L ≈ 0.21997 Imperial gallon 1 Imperial gallon ≡ 4.54609 litres
1 L ≈ 0.0353146667 cubic foot 1 cubic foot ≡ 28.316846592 litres
1 L ≈ 61.0237441 cubic inches 1 cubic inch ≡ 0.01638706 litre
See also Imperial units and US customary units

[edit] Rough conversions

One litre is slightly more than one U.S. liquid quart and slightly less than one Imperial quart or the less common U.S. dry quart.

A measured cup is roughly 250 mL.

A litre is the volume of a cube with sides of 10 cm, which is slightly less than a cube of sides 4 inches (or one-third of a foot). Twenty-seven cubes "one-third of a foot on each side" would fit in one cubic foot, which is within 5% of the actual value of exactly 28.316846592 litres.

A nice aide-memoire is: "A litre of water's a pint and three quarters" (Imperial pints, that is). Or, simpler: "A litre is a kilo of water" (the litre was once defined in a way that made this exactly true under certain conditions).

[edit] Explanation

Litres are most commonly used for items (such as fluids and berries) which are measured by the capacity or size of their container, whereas cubic metres (and derived units) are most commonly used for items measured either by their dimensions or their displacements. The litre is often also used in some calculated measurements, such as density (kg/L), allowing an easy comparison with the density of water.

One litre of water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram when measured at its maximal density, which occurs at about 4 degrees celsius. Similarly: 1 millilitre of water has about 1 g of mass; 1,000 litres of water has about 1,000 kg of mass. This relationship is because the gram was originally defined as the mass of 1 mL of water. However, this definition was abandoned in 1799 because the density of water changes with temperature and, very slightly, pressure.

[edit] Symbol

Originally, the only symbol for the litre was l (lowercase letter L), following the SI convention that only those unit symbols that abbreviate the name of a person start with a capital letter.

In many English-speaking countries, the most common shape of a handwritten Arabic digit 1 is just a vertical stroke; that is, it lacks the upstroke added in many other cultures. Therefore, the digit 1 may easily be confused with the letter l. On some typewriters, particularly older ones, the unshifted L key had to be used to type the numeral 1. Further, even in some computer typefaces, the two characters are barely distinguishable. This caused some concern, especially in the medical community. As a result, L (uppercase letter L) was adopted as an alternative symbol for litre in 1979. The United States National Institute of Standards and Technology now recommends the use of the uppercase letter L, a practice that is also widely followed in Canada and Australia. In these countries, the symbol L is also used with prefixes, as in mL and µL, instead of the traditional ml and µl used in Europe. In the UK and Ireland as well as the rest of Europe, lowercase l is used with prefixes, though whole litres are often written in full (so, "750 ml" on a wine bottle, but often "1 litre" on a juice carton).

Prior to 1979, the symbol ℓ (script small l, U+2113), came into common use in some countries; for example, it was recommended by South African Bureau of Standards publication M33 and Canada in the 1970s. This symbol can still be encountered occasionally in some English-speaking countries, and its use is ubiquitous in Japan and South Korea. Fonts covering the CJK characters usually include not only the script small l but also four precomposed characters: ㎕, ㎖, ㎗, and ㎘ (U+3395 to U+3398) for the microlitre, millilitre, decilitre, and kilolitre. Nevertheless, it is no longer used in most countries and no longer officially recognised by the BIPM or the International Organization for Standardization due to confusion and since, in any case, it is often not available in currently-used documentation systems.

[edit] History

In 1795, the litre was introduced in France as one of the new "Republican Measures", and defined as one cubic decimetre.

In 1879, the CIPM adopted the definition of the litre, and the symbol l (lowercase letter L).

In 1901, at the 3rd CGPM conference, the litre was redefined as the space occupied by 1 kg of pure water at the temperature of its maximum density (3.98 °C) under a pressure of 1 atm. This made the litre equal to about 1.000 028 dm3 (earlier reference works usually put it at 1.000 027 dm3).

In 1964, at the 12th CGPM conference, the original definition was reverted to, and thus the litre was once again defined in exact relation to the metre, as another name for the cubic decimetre, that is, exactly 1 dm3.[3]

In 1979, at the 16th CGPM conference, the alternative symbol L (uppercase letter L) was adopted. It also expressed a preference that in the future only one of these two symbols should be retained, but in 1990 said it was still too early to do so.[4]

[edit] Colloquial and practical usage

In spoken English, the abbreviation "mL" (for millilitre) is often pronounced as "mil", which is homophonous with the colloquial term "mil", which is intended to mean "one thousandth of a metre". This generally does not create confusion, because the context is usually sufficient — one being a volume, the other a linear measurement. The colloquial use of "mil" for millimetre for an ambiguous topic as in "5 mils of rain fell since 9am" may, however, be confusing. And in the United States a term of the same spelling and pronunciation means a thousandth of an inch.

The abbreviation cc (for cubic centimetre, equal to a millilitre or mL) is a unit of the cgs system, that preceded the MKS system, that later evolved into the SI system. The abbreviation cc is still commonly used in many fields including (for example) sizing for motorcycle and related sports for small combustion engine displacement; larger engines, such as automobile engines, do have their displacement measured in liters.

In European countries where the metric system was established well before the adoption of the SI standard, there is still carry-over of usage from the precursor cgs and MKS systems. In the SI system, use of prefixes for multiples of 1,000 is preferred and all other multiples discouraged. However, in countries where these other multiples were already established, their use remains common. In particular, use of the centi (10-2), deci (10-1), deca (10+1), and hecto (10+2) prefixes are still common. For example, in many European countries, the hectolitre is the typical unit for production and export volumes of beverages (milk, beer, soft drinks, etc) and for measuring the size of the catch and quotas for fishing boats; decilitres are found in cookbooks; centilitres indicate the capacity of drinking glasses and of small bottles. In colloquial Dutch in Belgium, a 'vijfentwintiger' and a 'drieëndertiger' (literally 'twenty-fiver' and 'thirty-threer') are the common beer glasses, the corresponding bottles mention 25 cL or 33 cL. Bottles may also be 75 cL or half size at 37.5 cL for 'artisanal' brews or 70 cL for wines or spirits. Cans come in 25 cL, 33 cL and 50 cL aka 0.5 L. Family size bottles as for soft drinks or drinking water use the litre (0.5 L, 1 L, 1.5 L, 2 L), and so do beer barrels (50 L, or the half sized 25 L). This unit is most common for all other household size containers of liquids, from thermocans, by buckets, to bath tubs; as well as for fuel tanks and consumption for heating or by vehicles.

In countries where the metric system was adopted as the official measuring system after the SI standard was established, common usage more closely follow contemporary SI conventions. For example, in Canada where the metric system is now in wide-spread use, consumer beverages are labelled almost exclusively using litres and millilitres. Hectolitres sometimes appear in industry, but centilitres and decilitres are rarely, if ever, used. Larger volumes are usually given in cubic metres (equivalent to 1 kL), or thousands or millions of cubic metres. The situation is similar in Australia, although kilolitres, megalitres and gigalitres are commonly used for measuring water consumption, reservoir capacities and river flows.

For larger volumes of fluids, such as annual consumption of tap water, lorry (truck) tanks, or swimming pools, the cubic metre is the general unit, as it is generally for all volumes of a non-liquid nature.

[edit] Use for non-liquid volumes

Although traditionally used only for the measurement of fluids, and containers for fluids, there are some fields where it has become a common measurement for volumes:

* berries and solid items that can be poured and are measured by their containers
* Car boot/trunk size [1][2]
* Climbing packs [3][4]
* Computer cases [5][6]
* Microwave ovens [7][8]
* Refrigerators [9][10]
* Sleeping bags - packed volume [11][12]

The litre is a particularly convenient and easily visualised unit for this range of volumes - a backpack could be as small as 2 litres, and a refrigerator as large as 300 litres. Expressed as cubic metres these same volumes would be 0.002 and 0.3 (or as cubic centimetres 2,000 and 300,000)—much less convenient numbers.